What is Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV)? Formula, Causes, Effects, Standards, and Solutions
When a circuit breaker opens to interrupt a fault current in a power system, the voltage across the breaker contacts […]
Protective Devices
Power System
Protective Devices
Tripping Characteristics of Circuit Breaker: Types, Time-Current Curves, Testing Methods & Examples
The Tripping Characteristics of a Circuit Breaker is the specific behavior pattern that defines when and how a circuit breaker
Protective Devices
Interrupting Capacity of a Circuit Breaker: Definitions, Calculations, Standards, Testing, and Selection Criteria
The maximum amount of fault current that a circuit breaker can safely interrupt without getting damaged is called the Interrupting
Protective Devices
Rated Peak Withstand Current of a Circuit Breaker: Definition, Calculation, IEC Standards & Testing Procedure
When selecting a circuit breaker for any electrical installation engineers must evaluate several current ratings. One of the most important
Protective Devices
Rated Short-Time Withstand Current of a Circuit Breaker: Definition, Importance, Standards & Testing
Circuit breakers are designed to protect electrical systems from damage during fault conditions. When a short circuit occurs in an
Protective Devices
Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB): Construction, Working Principle, Types, Advantages, Applications & Testing
Circuit breakers play a major role in protecting electrical power systems from faults and abnormal conditions. Among the various types
Protective Devices
Air Circuit Breaker: Working Principle, Types, Construction, Ratings, Specifications, Characteristics & Applications
An Air Circuit Breaker is one of the most widely used protective devices in electrical power systems. This type of
Protective Devices
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB): Working Principle, Types, Ratings, Specifications, Advantages, & Applications
A Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) is an electrical switching device that uses vacuum as the arc quenching medium. The vacuum
Protective Devices
The Importance of Current Zero in Circuit Breaker Interruption and How Breakers Use this for Arc Extinction
In AC power systems, circuit breakers and other switching devices rely on a natural phenomenon called current zero to successfully
Protective Devices
Directional and Non-Directional Relays: Working Principle, Characteristics Angle & Applications
In electrical power systems, protective relays act as vigilant that detect faults and initiate corrective actions to prevent damage to
Power System
Busbar Differential Protection: Working Principles, Main & Peripheral Units, Settings & Testing
Busbar differential protection is the primary method for detecting and isolating faults within the busbar zone of electrical substations using
Protective Devices
SF6 Circuit Breaker: Working Principle, Components, Advantages, Testing & Commissioning
An SF6 circuit breaker is one of the most important protective devices used in modern power systems. It is designed to safely
Protective Devices
Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT): Working Principle, Construction, Circuit Diagram & Accuracy
A Capacitive Voltage Transformer, commonly abbreviated as CVT or CCVT is a special device that safely converts extremely high voltages
Protective Devices
Current Transformer (CT): Working Principle, Types, Classes, Burden, Knee Point Voltage and Testing
A Current Transformer, commonly abbreviated as CT, is a specialized type of instrument transformer designed to measure high alternating currents
Protective Devices
DC Changeover Relay: Working Principle, Circuit Diagram, Practical Example and Advantages
In electrical substations, uninterrupted power supply to essential control and protection circuits is important for safe and reliable power system
Protective Devices
DC Supervision Relay: Working Principle, Circuit Diagram, Settings, Testing with Examples.
In electrical substations, the DC supply system forms the backbone of protection and control operations. A DC Supervision Relay plays
Protective Devices
Trip Circuit Supervision Relay: Working Principle, Circuit Diagram, Pre & Post Close Supervision
In electrical protection systems it is important to ensure that circuit breakers operate correctly when needed. Imagine a fault occurs
Protective Devices
Anti Pumping Relay: Working Principle, Circuit Diagrams, Logic & Testing with Practical Examples
An anti-pumping relay is a specialized electrical protection device integrated into the closing circuit of circuit breaker control systems to prevent hunting oscillations.
Transmission Line
STUB Protection of Transmission Lines in One and Half Breaker Schemes: Working, Settings & Example
STUB Protection is an important protective function in modern electrical power systems, particularly in substations employing the One and Half
Transmission Line
SOTF (Switch On To Fault) Protection Scheme: Working Principle, Settings & Practical Example Scenario
SOTF (Switch On To Fault) Protection scheme is one of the most important innovations in recent power system protection. This protection
Transmission Line
Quadrilateral Characteristics in Distance Protection: Working Principle, Zone Calculations, Settings & Examples
Quadrilateral characteristics is one of the most sophisticated and widely-used impedance-based relay protection schemes in modern electrical power systems. These
Transmission Line
Mho Characteristics of Distance Protection: Working Principle, R-X Plane Circular Diagram
Electrical power systems require sophisticated protective mechanisms to detect and isolate faults within milliseconds to prevent cascading failures and equipment
Power System, Transmission Line
Distance Protection of Transmission Line: Working Principle, Zone 1, 2 & 3 Settings & Testing
Distance protection is one of the most widely used and reliable methods for protecting transmission lines in modern power systems.
Power System, Protective Devices
Local Breaker Backup (LBB) Protection: Working Principle, Settings, Examples, Protection Logic & Scheme
Local Breaker Back Up (LBB) protection is a critical element of power system protection schemes that ensures electrical equipment and
Transformer Protection
Transformer Cooling: ONAN, ONAF, OFAF, ODAF, Water-Cooled Methods and Cooling Logic
Transformer cooling is one of the most important aspects of transformer design and operation. A transformer generates heat during its
Power System
Online Insulating Oil Drying System (ODS) for Transformer: Working Principle, Advantages
Moisture in transformer insulation is one of the most significant threats to transformer longevity and reliable operation. The online insulating
Protective Devices
Master Trip (86) Relay: Operating Principle, Wiring Diagram, Testing & Commissioning
The Master Trip (86) Relay is a auxiliary control component in electrical power system protection schemes that serves as the
Transformer Protection
Transformer OTI and WTI Protection: Working Principle, Settings, Alarm and Trip Logic
Temperature monitoring is one of the most important aspects of transformer protection and operation. The Oil Temperature Indicator (OTI) and
Transformer Protection
Transformer Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) Relay: Working Principle, Settings & Trip Logic
The transformer Pressure Relief Valve (PRV) relay is one of the most critical safety components in oil-immersed power transformers, serving
Transformer Protection
Transformer Buchholz Relay: Working Principle, Construction, Operation, Alarm & Trip
The Buchholz relay is one of the most important non-electrical protective devices used in oil-immersed power transformers. Invented by Max