Recommended MCB Rating for 25-Litre Geyser in India: Current Calculation, Wire Sizing, & MCB Type
Selecting the right MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) for a 25-litre geyser is one of the most common questions homeowners and […]
Household Appliances
Testing and Commissioning
Winding Resistance Test of Power Transformers – Procedure, Formula, and Acceptance Criteria
Winding resistance measurement is a fundamental diagnostic test performed on power transformers during commissioning and routine maintenance. This test assesses
Transformer
Why Is My Transformer Humming So Loud? Causes, Measurement, Diagnosis, and Noise Reduction Solutions
If you have ever stood near a power transformer or a distribution substation, you have probably heard a low-frequency humming
Testing and Commissioning
Sweep Frequency Response Analysis Test of Transformer: Step-by-Step Procedure, Results & Standards
Power transformers are among the most expensive and important assets in any electrical power system. During transportation, installation, and service,
Generator Protection
Slope Settings for Generator Differential Protection 87G: Slope 1, Slope 2, Pickup Settings, & Practical Examples
Generator protection is one of the most important topics in power system engineering. A generator is a high-value machine, and
Basics
What is Ideal Voltage and Current Source? Definitions, Characteristics, V-I Curves, and Applications
Every electrical circuit needs a source of energy to function. Voltage sources and current sources are the two fundamental building
Transformer
Why Do Transformers Overheat? Root Causes, Effects, Diagnostics, Examples & Practical Solutions
Transformers are among the most expensive and important assets in any power system. They operate continuously under demanding conditions, and
Basics
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction: Derivation, Formula, Applications & Solved Examples
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction is one of the most foundational principles in electrical engineering and physics. Michael Faraday discovered
Power System
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Faults: Types, Causes, Analysis Methods, Protection, and Examples
Power systems are designed to operate under balanced and stable conditions. However, faults occur in electrical networks due to insulation
Induction Motors
Practical Star Delta Starter for 3-Phase Motors: Components, Configuration & Real Photographs
A Star Delta Starter is one of the most widely used reduced voltage starting methods for three-phase induction motors in
Protective Devices
Sudden Pressure Relay: Construction, Working Principle, Types, Application, Testing & Examples
Power transformers rank among the most expensive and valuable pieces of equipment in any electrical power system. A single large
Basics
What is Transformer Impedance? Definition, Formula, Calculation, Testing Methods, Percentage Impedance
Every transformer installed in a power system has an inherent opposition to current flow, known as transformer impedance. This single
Basics
What Is Time-Varying Magnetic Flux? Theory, Formula, Solved Examples, Faraday’s Law & Maxwell’s Equations
Magnetic flux is one of the foundational concepts in electrical engineering and physics. It describes the total magnetic field passing
Basics
Voltage Regulation of a Transformer: Definition, Formula, Phasor Diagram, Power Factor Effects & Example
Every transformer experiences a change in its secondary terminal voltage as load increases from zero to its rated value. This
Protective Devices
IDMT and DMT Characteristics: Working Principle, Curve Types, Relay Settings, Coordination with Examples
Overcurrent protection is the foundation of power system protection engineering. Every electrical network needs a well-coordinated relay protection scheme to
Basics
Short Circuit Test of Transformer: Working, Procedure, Circuit Diagram, Calculations, and Example
Every transformer that enters service in a power system must undergo specific tests to verify its performance characteristics. Among these
Protective Devices
Undervoltage Protection: Working Principle, Relay Settings, Types, Applications & Practical Examples
Undervoltage protection plays a major role in keeping electrical equipment safe from damage caused by low voltage conditions. Motors, generators,
Electrical Machines
Transformer Efficiency: Formulas, Losses, Maximum and All Day Efficiency Calculation with Examples
Distribution transformers worldwide lose an estimated 500 TWh of energy every year. That figure rivals the total electricity consumption of
Protective Devices
Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM): Definition, Formula, Calculation, Relay Coordination and Examples
In power system protection, relay settings determine how quickly and accurately a fault is detected and cleared. One of the
Basics
Difference Between Voltage, EMF, and Potential Difference – Definitions, Formulas & Numerical Problems
Every electrical engineering student comes across the terms voltage, electromotive force (EMF), and potential difference early in their coursework. Most
Protective Devices
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) IDMT Overcurrent Relays: Formula, Calculation, & Practical Example
In power system protection, relays are used to detect faults and send trip signals to circuit breakers. But not every
Basics
Open Circuit Test of a Transformer: Circuit Diagram, Test Procedure, Formula, Calculations & Example
The open circuit test is one of the first tests every electrical engineering student learns about transformers. It answers a
Testing and Commissioning
Testing of Busbar Differential Protection Relay: Stability Test, Pickup Test, Slope Test, & Breaker Failure Test
Busbar differential protection is one of the most important protection schemes in electrical substations. The busbar is a common connection
Electrical Machines
How to Calculate Transformer Turns Ratio? Formulas, Solved Examples, and Applications
The transformer turns ratio is one of the most fundamental concepts in electrical engineering. Whether you are a student learning
Testing and Commissioning
Testing of REF Protection Relay: Pickup Test, Operating Time Test, Functional Checks with Real Examples
Restricted Earth Fault (REF) protection is one of the most sensitive protection schemes used for detecting ground faults within power
Basics
What Are Peak Value, Average Value, and RMS Values in AC Circuits? Formulas, Derivations & Examples
If you are studying electrical engineering or working with alternating current (AC) circuits, three terms will come up again and
Induction Motors
Shaded Pole Induction Motors: Construction, Working Principle, Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages
Shaded pole induction motors are among the simplest types of single-phase AC motors found in electrical engineering applications. These motors
Testing and Commissioning
Testing of Differential Protection Relay: Stability Test, Pickup Test, Slope Test, & Harmonic Blocking
Differential protection relays are the primary protective devices used for power transformers, generators, busbars, and large motors in electrical power
Testing and Commissioning
Testing of Distance Protection Relay: Zone 1, 2, 3 Testing, SOTF, Power Swing Blocking, and VT Fuse Fail
Distance protection relays are the primary protective devices used in high voltage transmission lines across power systems worldwide. These relays
Testing and Commissioning
Testing of Directional Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay: Step by Step Test Procedure with Practical Example
Protection relays form the backbone of power system safety. Among various protection schemes, directional overcurrent and earth fault relays hold